Autism video

[Sunshine]

My son's doctor emailed me this today.

Although the subject is autism, I thought that many people here might be interested.

I will post it in the autism section as well.

Sunshine

 

Subject: Autism

 

 

The band, Five for Fighting, is generously donating $0.40 to Autism

Speaks for *each time* the video is viewed the funding goes toward research

studies to help find a cure. When you have a moment, please visit the

link below to watch the video and pass it along to your friends and family.

They are aiming for 10,000 hits, but hopefully we can help them to

surpass this goal.

 

http://www.whatkindofworlddoyouwant.com/vi.../view/id/408214

[kim]

Sunshine,

 

I had visited a site with many videos set to that music before. I sat and cried watching them for more than an hour.

 

There have been some issues that I have paid attention to during the political debates this year, that have never been a consideration for me in the past. Someone who's campaign is largely funded by Pharma, for instance, would probably not be a favorite for me. Also, views on environmental pollution regulation etc. probably would not have been a real priority before. Sometimes I long for the ignorant place where I used to dwell

 

I hope it's ok if I include a study here

 

The study was released at the 4th International Meeting for Autism

Research (IMFAR) – a meeting of autism scientists started by Cure

Autism Now, the UC Davis M.I.N.D. Institute and the National Alliance

for Autism Research to accelerate knowledge of this increasingly

common and perplexing disorder. It is estimated that autism now

affects 1 in every 166 children.

 

"Understanding the biology of autism is crucial to developing better

ways to diagnose and treat it," said Judy Van de Water, associate

professor of rheumatology, allergy and clinical immunology at the UC

Davis School of Medicine and the UC Davis M.I.N.D. Institute. "While

impaired communication and social skills are the hallmarks of the

disorder, there has not yet been strong scientific evidence that the

immune system is implicated as well. We now need to design carefully

controlled studies that tell us even more about the way in which a

dysfunctional immune system may or may not play a role in the disorder

itself."

 

Van de Water, along with co-investigator of the study Paul Ashwood,

assistant professor of medical microbiology and immunology at the UC

Davis M.I.N.D. Institute, isolated immune cells from blood samples

taken from 30 children with autism and 26 typically developing

children aged between two and five years of age. The cells from both

groups were then exposed to bacterial and viral agents that usually

provoke T-cells, B cells and macrophages – primary players in the

immune system.

 

Of the agents tested in the study - tetanus toxoid,

lippopolysaccharide derived from E. coli cell walls, a plant lectin

known as PHA, and a preparation of the measles, mumps and rubella

vaccine antigens - the researchers found clear differences in cellular

responses between patients and controls following exposure to the

bacterial agents and PHA.

 

In response to bacteria, the researchers saw lower levels of protein

molecules called cytokines in the group with autism. Cytokines

function as mediators of the immune response, carrying messages

between B, T and other immune cells. They also are known to be capable

of having profound effects on the central nervous system, including

sleep and the fever response. Immune system responses to PHA, in

contrast, produced more varied cytokine levels: Higher levels of

certain cytokines and lower levels of others.

 

According to Van de Water and Ashwood, these studies illustrate that

under similar circumstances, the cytokine responses elicited by the

T-cells, B-cells, and macrophage cell populations following their

activation differs markedly in children with autism compared to

age-matched children in the general population. Cytokines are known to

affect mood and behavior, and while their specific role in the

development of autism remains unclear, the potential connection is an

intriguing area of research that warrants further investigation.

 

"This study is part of a larger effort to learn how changes in immune

system response may make some children more susceptible to the harmful

effects of environmental agents," said Kenneth Olden, director of the

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, the federal

agency that provided funding for the study. "A better understanding of

the connection between altered immune response and autism may lead to

significant advances in the early detection, prevention and treatment

of this complex neurological disorder."

 

"We would like to take these findings and explore whether, for

example, the cytokine differences are specific to certain subsets of

patients with autism, such as those with early onset, or those who

exhibit signs of autism later during development, " Ashwood said. He

added that the logical next step is to look directly at specific cell

populations that may be responsible for the diverging responses

between patients and controls.

 

This study was supported by grants from the National Institutes of

Environmental Health Sciences, the U.S. Environmental Protection

Agency, the UC Davis M.I.N.D. Institute, Ted Lindsay Foundation and

Visceral. The UC Davis M.I.N.D. (Medical Investigation of

Neurodevelopmental Disorders) Institute is a unique collaborative

center for research into the causes and treatments of autism, bringing

together parents, scientists, clinicians and educators. For further

information, go to http://www.ucdmc. ucdavis.edu/ mindinstitute.

 

 

 

Some info on cytokines cross posted for autism info. Amazing group of dedicated parents that share information there too!

 

 

Cytokines are a group of substances secreted by Cells of the Immune

System.

 

"Although the normal role of Cytokines is to defend against infection

and Cancer, they may kill Neurons "

 

Biological Functions of Cytokines

 

Immune System

 

Cytokines stimulate the Immune System's Cells to grow, replicate and

become more active, thereby assisting any battles against Antigens.

Cytokines attract other cells of the Immune System to the site of and

help to "orchestrate" the healing and repair of injuries and

inflammations.

 

Skin

 

Cytokines secreted by Macrophages are involved in the healing of

Wounds - they stimulate Fibroblasts to increase the synthesis of

Collagen and Elastin.

 

These Substances may Regulate Cytokines Production

 

Enzymes

 

In most instances, supplemental Proteases may regulate the production

of various Cytokines (depending on the individual situation, Proteases

may increase production of certain Cytokines in localized areas of the

body and/or decrease production of certain Cytokines in other areas of

the body). [more info]

 

These Herbs may Stimulate the Production of Cytokines

 

Substances that increase the endogenous production of Cytokines are

known as Immunopotentiators.

 

Echinacea may stimulate the production of various Cytokines. [more info]

 

Toxic Effects of Excessive Production of Cytokines

 

Immune System

 

Excessive production of Cytokines may be implicated in Autoimmune

Diseases - people who have Autoimmune Diseases have a 50% greater

production of Cytokines than healthy people.

 

Nervous System

 

Although the normal role of Cytokines is to defend against infection

and Cancer, they may kill Neurons - the body minimizes such Neuron

destruction by restricting the passage of Cytokines of Blood Vessels

into the Central Nervous System.

 

These Substances may Inhibit the Production of Excessive Cytokines

 

Peptides

 

Glutathione may inhibit the excessive production of Cytokines that is

implicated in Autoimmune Diseases. [more info]

 

Sulfuric Compounds

 

Glucosinolates may help to regulate the body's production of

Cytokines. [more info]

 

Notes on the Therapeutic use of Exogenous Cytokines

 

Mainstream medicine is increasingly able to synthesize artificial

(recombinant) versions of Cytokines for the purpose of mimicking the

regulatory effects that the body's own Cytokines exert.

It is noteworthy that the systemic administration of recombinant,

exogenous Cytokines only rarely provides the therapeutic success being

sought. Instead this therapy is frequently associated with (sometimes

severe) adverse effects in other regions. Cytokines are part of an

obscure network of communication that primarily involves local

physiological interactions. The systemic administration of Cytokines

provides no selective influence on local immune reactions and can

often cause negative effects on the entire body.

 

Types of Cytokines

 

Colony-Stimulating Factors

Lymphokines

Monokines

 

Tumor Necrosis Factor

[michele]

Thanks Sunshine and Kim. I passed the site onto everyone I know.

Kim can you keep posting information you find connecting PANDAS and autism? They seem very similar in the immune functioning. I find the information you posted so interesting somewhat hard to read but very similar to what Dr. Demio has told me in the past. Why do these two diseases overlap so much? Is PANDAS on the autistic spectrum? I am glad you included the study here. Do your kids have autism? PANDAS?

Michele

 

Sunshine,

 

I had visited a site with many videos set to that music before. I sat and cried watching them for more than an hour.

 

There have been some issues that I have paid attention to during the political debates this year, that have never been a consideration for me in the past. Someone who's campaign is largely funded by Pharma, for instance, would probably not be a favorite for me. Also, views on environmental pollution regulation etc. probably would not have been a real priority before. Sometimes I long for the ignorant place where I used to dwell

 

I hope it's ok if I include a study here

 

The study was released at the 4th International Meeting for Autism

Research (IMFAR) – a meeting of autism scientists started by Cure

Autism Now, the UC Davis M.I.N.D. Institute and the National Alliance

for Autism Research to accelerate knowledge of this increasingly

common and perplexing disorder. It is estimated that autism now

affects 1 in every 166 children.

 

"Understanding the biology of autism is crucial to developing better

ways to diagnose and treat it," said Judy Van de Water, associate

professor of rheumatology, allergy and clinical immunology at the UC

Davis School of Medicine and the UC Davis M.I.N.D. Institute. "While

impaired communication and social skills are the hallmarks of the

disorder, there has not yet been strong scientific evidence that the

immune system is implicated as well. We now need to design carefully

controlled studies that tell us even more about the way in which a

dysfunctional immune system may or may not play a role in the disorder

itself."

 

Van de Water, along with co-investigator of the study Paul Ashwood,

assistant professor of medical microbiology and immunology at the UC

Davis M.I.N.D. Institute, isolated immune cells from blood samples

taken from 30 children with autism and 26 typically developing

children aged between two and five years of age. The cells from both

groups were then exposed to bacterial and viral agents that usually

provoke T-cells, B cells and macrophages – primary players in the

immune system.

 

Of the agents tested in the study - tetanus toxoid,

lippopolysaccharide derived from E. coli cell walls, a plant lectin

known as PHA, and a preparation of the measles, mumps and rubella

vaccine antigens - the researchers found clear differences in cellular

responses between patients and controls following exposure to the

bacterial agents and PHA.

 

In response to bacteria, the researchers saw lower levels of protein

molecules called cytokines in the group with autism. Cytokines

function as mediators of the immune response, carrying messages

between B, T and other immune cells. They also are known to be capable

of having profound effects on the central nervous system, including

sleep and the fever response. Immune system responses to PHA, in

contrast, produced more varied cytokine levels: Higher levels of

certain cytokines and lower levels of others.

 

According to Van de Water and Ashwood, these studies illustrate that

under similar circumstances, the cytokine responses elicited by the

T-cells, B-cells, and macrophage cell populations following their

activation differs markedly in children with autism compared to

age-matched children in the general population. Cytokines are known to

affect mood and behavior, and while their specific role in the

development of autism remains unclear, the potential connection is an

intriguing area of research that warrants further investigation.

 

"This study is part of a larger effort to learn how changes in immune

system response may make some children more susceptible to the harmful

effects of environmental agents," said Kenneth Olden, director of the

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, the federal

agency that provided funding for the study. "A better understanding of

the connection between altered immune response and autism may lead to

significant advances in the early detection, prevention and treatment

of this complex neurological disorder."

 

"We would like to take these findings and explore whether, for

example, the cytokine differences are specific to certain subsets of

patients with autism, such as those with early onset, or those who

exhibit signs of autism later during development, " Ashwood said. He

added that the logical next step is to look directly at specific cell

populations that may be responsible for the diverging responses

between patients and controls.

 

This study was supported by grants from the National Institutes of

Environmental Health Sciences, the U.S. Environmental Protection

Agency, the UC Davis M.I.N.D. Institute, Ted Lindsay Foundation and

Visceral. The UC Davis M.I.N.D. (Medical Investigation of

Neurodevelopmental Disorders) Institute is a unique collaborative

center for research into the causes and treatments of autism, bringing

together parents, scientists, clinicians and educators. For further

information, go to http://www.ucdmc. ucdavis.edu/ mindinstitute.

 

 

 

Some info on cytokines cross posted for autism info. Amazing group of dedicated parents that share information there too!

 

 

Cytokines are a group of substances secreted by Cells of the Immune

System.

 

"Although the normal role of Cytokines is to defend against infection

and Cancer, they may kill Neurons "

 

Biological Functions of Cytokines

 

Immune System

 

Cytokines stimulate the Immune System's Cells to grow, replicate and

become more active, thereby assisting any battles against Antigens.

Cytokines attract other cells of the Immune System to the site of and

help to "orchestrate" the healing and repair of injuries and

inflammations.

 

Skin

 

Cytokines secreted by Macrophages are involved in the healing of

Wounds - they stimulate Fibroblasts to increase the synthesis of

Collagen and Elastin.

 

These Substances may Regulate Cytokines Production

 

Enzymes

 

In most instances, supplemental Proteases may regulate the production

of various Cytokines (depending on the individual situation, Proteases

may increase production of certain Cytokines in localized areas of the

body and/or decrease production of certain Cytokines in other areas of

the body). [more info]

 

These Herbs may Stimulate the Production of Cytokines

 

Substances that increase the endogenous production of Cytokines are

known as Immunopotentiators.

 

Echinacea may stimulate the production of various Cytokines. [more info]

 

Toxic Effects of Excessive Production of Cytokines

 

Immune System

 

Excessive production of Cytokines may be implicated in Autoimmune

Diseases - people who have Autoimmune Diseases have a 50% greater

production of Cytokines than healthy people.

 

Nervous System

 

Although the normal role of Cytokines is to defend against infection

and Cancer, they may kill Neurons - the body minimizes such Neuron

destruction by restricting the passage of Cytokines of Blood Vessels

into the Central Nervous System.

 

These Substances may Inhibit the Production of Excessive Cytokines

 

Peptides

 

Glutathione may inhibit the excessive production of Cytokines that is

implicated in Autoimmune Diseases. [more info]

 

Sulfuric Compounds

 

Glucosinolates may help to regulate the body's production of

Cytokines. [more info]

 

Notes on the Therapeutic use of Exogenous Cytokines

 

Mainstream medicine is increasingly able to synthesize artificial

(recombinant) versions of Cytokines for the purpose of mimicking the

regulatory effects that the body's own Cytokines exert.

It is noteworthy that the systemic administration of recombinant,

exogenous Cytokines only rarely provides the therapeutic success being

sought. Instead this therapy is frequently associated with (sometimes

severe) adverse effects in other regions. Cytokines are part of an

obscure network of communication that primarily involves local

physiological interactions. The systemic administration of Cytokines

provides no selective influence on local immune reactions and can

often cause negative effects on the entire body.

 

Types of Cytokines

 

Colony-Stimulating Factors

Lymphokines

Monokines

 

Tumor Necrosis Factor

[kim]

Michelle,

 

I don't think that PANDAS involvement is cited anywhere as being anything but suspected in ASD's or even Tourettes for that matter. Autism is a spectrum disorder, and I believe tourette syndrome/disorder is considered a spectrum disorder too, but so far they are seperate disorders. Maybe as time goes on they will find out what genetics are involved and what the overlappes are, if any, and I sure would be surprised if there weren't some.

 

Neither of the boys have or ever had autism. With autism you will see phrases like " impaired social interaction and communication." That has never been a problem. Oldest was irratable in the social interactions during his preschool years, but I'm sure the parent of a child with full blown autism, would resent that comparison.

 

As far as PANDAS, there have been times when I would say that it was like someone flipped a switch, but that would have been before I knew what I was looking for. I don't remember it being a dramatic as what parents here have described, so I guess I would say "no" to that too.

 

I sure will keep posting anything that may show a relationship. I had started a thread where I was looking for any information on how immune function may affect neurotransmitters. I want to know why these things get out of whack when the kids get sick. I thought these studies were pretty interesting.

 

 

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=A...7c4627c192a452a

 

 

Available online 6 August 2007.

 

Initially, the idea that neurotransmitters could serve as immunomodulators emerged with the discovery that their release and diffusion from nervous tissue could lead to signaling through lymphocyte cell-surface receptors and the modulation of immune function. It is now evident that neurotransmitters can also be released from leukocytes and act as autocrine or paracrine

modulators. Here, we review the data indicating that leukocytes synthesize and release ‘neurotransmitters’ and we also discuss the diverse effects that these compounds exert in a variety of immune cells. The role of neurotransmitters in immune-related diseases is also reviewed succinctly. Current and future developments in understanding the cross-talk between the immune and nervous systems will probably identify new avenues for treating immune-mediated diseases using agonists or antagonists of neurotransmitter receptors

 

 

 

http://www.jimmunol.org/cgi/reprint/177/10/6695

 

Glutamate Released by Dendritic Cells as a Novel Modulator

of T Cell Activation1

Rodrigo Pacheco,* Harold Oliva,2†‡ Jose´ M. Martinez-Navı´o,2* Nu´ ria Climent,†‡

Francisco Ciruela,* Jose´ M. Gatell,‡§ Teresa Gallart,†‡ Josefa Mallol,* Carmen Lluis,* and

Rafael Franco3*

Adaptive immune responses begin after productive immunosynaptic contacts formation established in secondary lymphoid organs

by dendritic cells (DC) presenting the Ag to T lymphocytes. Despite its resemblance to the neurosynapse, the participation of

soluble small nonpeptidic mediators in the intercellular cross-talk taking place during T cell–DC interactions remains poorly

studied. In this study, we show that human DC undergoing maturation and in contact with T cells release significant amounts of

glutamate, which is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in mammalians. The release of glutamate is nonvesicular and mediated

by the DC-expressed Xc

cystine/glutamate antiporter. DC-derived glutamate stimulating the constitutively expressed metabotropic

glutamate receptor 5 impairs T cell activation. However, after productive Ag presentation, metabotropic glutamate receptor

1 is expressed in T cells to mediate enhanced T cell proliferation and secretion of Th1 and proinflammatory cytokines. These data

suggest that, during T cell–DC interaction, glutamate is a novel and highly effective regulator in the initiation of T cell-mediated

immune responses. The Journal of Immunology, 2006, 177: 6695–6704.

[michele]

I've read articles stating PANDAS is on the autistic spectrum. My son also never had social issues. He has always talked excessively and had alot of friends. However when playing he likes to "tell" people what to do or say in role playing. But he does obsess on ideas and themes and movies. Also he gets stuck on ideas. He has the yeast and metal issues and the immune issues and also the dopamine excess. I think the DAN has treated him very similar to his autistic patients. However we are PANDAS with the strep and immune issues with liability of emotions. It would be an interesting study! The overlaps of tourettes and PANDAS are also similar. It gets very confusing doesn't it?

 

Thanks again.

Michele

 

 

Michelle,

 

I don't think that PANDAS involvement is cited anywhere as being anything but suspected in ASD's or even Tourettes for that matter. Autism is a spectrum disorder, and I believe tourette syndrome/disorder is considered a spectrum disorder too, but so far they are seperate disorders. Maybe as time goes on they will find out what genetics are involved and what the overlappes are, if any, and I sure would be surprised if there weren't some.

 

Neither of the boys have or ever had autism. With autism you will see phrases like " impaired social interaction and communication." That has never been a problem. Oldest was irratable in the social interactions during his preschool years, but I'm sure the parent of a child with full blown autism, would resent that comparison.

 

As far as PANDAS, there have been times when I would say that it was like someone flipped a switch, but that would have been before I knew what I was looking for. I don't remember it being a dramatic as what parents here have described, so I guess I would say "no" to that too.

 

I sure will keep posting anything that may show a relationship. I had started a thread where I was looking for any information on how immune function may affect neurotransmitters. I want to know why these things get out of whack when the kids get sick. I thought these studies were pretty interesting.

 

 

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=A...7c4627c192a452a

 

 

Available online 6 August 2007.

 

Initially, the idea that neurotransmitters could serve as immunomodulators emerged with the discovery that their release and diffusion from nervous tissue could lead to signaling through lymphocyte cell-surface receptors and the modulation of immune function. It is now evident that neurotransmitters can also be released from leukocytes and act as autocrine or paracrine

modulators. Here, we review the data indicating that leukocytes synthesize and release ‘neurotransmitters’ and we also discuss the diverse effects that these compounds exert in a variety of immune cells. The role of neurotransmitters in immune-related diseases is also reviewed succinctly. Current and future developments in understanding the cross-talk between the immune and nervous systems will probably identify new avenues for treating immune-mediated diseases using agonists or antagonists of neurotransmitter receptors

 

 

 

http://www.jimmunol.org/cgi/reprint/177/10/6695

 

Glutamate Released by Dendritic Cells as a Novel Modulator

of T Cell Activation1

Rodrigo Pacheco,* Harold Oliva,2†‡ Jose´ M. Martinez-Navı´o,2* Nu´ ria Climent,†‡

Francisco Ciruela,* Jose´ M. Gatell,‡§ Teresa Gallart,†‡ Josefa Mallol,* Carmen Lluis,* and

Rafael Franco3*

Adaptive immune responses begin after productive immunosynaptic contacts formation established in secondary lymphoid organs

by dendritic cells (DC) presenting the Ag to T lymphocytes. Despite its resemblance to the neurosynapse, the participation of

soluble small nonpeptidic mediators in the intercellular cross-talk taking place during T cell–DC interactions remains poorly

studied. In this study, we show that human DC undergoing maturation and in contact with T cells release significant amounts of

glutamate, which is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in mammalians. The release of glutamate is nonvesicular and mediated

by the DC-expressed Xc

cystine/glutamate antiporter. DC-derived glutamate stimulating the constitutively expressed metabotropic

glutamate receptor 5 impairs T cell activation. However, after productive Ag presentation, metabotropic glutamate receptor

1 is expressed in T cells to mediate enhanced T cell proliferation and secretion of Th1 and proinflammatory cytokines. These data

suggest that, during T cell–DC interaction, glutamate is a novel and highly effective regulator in the initiation of T cell-mediated

immune responses. The Journal of Immunology, 2006, 177: 6695–6704.

[Sunshine]

Michele,

 

My son has PANDAS and he is currently being treated by a doctor who mostly treats ASD children. However, she also treats developmental and speech delays, adult mental health issues, food allergy, yeast, heavy metal toxicity and more. She uses diet and supplements according to the Yasko protocol to treat everything.

 

Most likely a number of factors contribute and interact to make a person unwell. The Yasko approach focuses on the methylation cycle which has a relationship with neurotransmitter levels. Problems with one's immune system can lead to problems with the methylation pathway. The methylation pathway helps rid the body of virus, bacteria, toxins etc... All ASD kids tested thus far have mutations in the methylation pathway. My PANDAS son did too, but the bacterial overload caused tics in him. Thus, I guess PANDAS and autisim can share a commonality: the methylation pathway might not be functioning properly. Treatment plans may have overlap.

 

Interestingly enough, we began with the Yasko protocol because of the tics from PANDAS. However, some of the best gains that my son has made have nothing to do with tics. He has better language processing skills and his vocabulary has increased dramatically. As well, he is more aware of details in the world around him. We never set out to 'fix' these things, as he seemed quite typical for a busy little boy. And, his improvements have nothing to do with PANDAS specifically, but they appeared as his methylation pathway was supported.

 

It's all so complex, and there are sooooo many ways to look at things. This is just my two bits based only on my experience with my sweet son.

 

Cheers,

Sunshine

[michele]

Wow Sunshine thanks for breaking that down to my level! Now I am getting the overlapping of the two disorders. I wonder if the Yasko protocal is different then the DAN protocal? My son has the same problems with his methylation pathways(I never realized that was what it was called though). My sons tics have really calmed down too. As the Dr's have told me it is not the tics that will cause him as much trouble as the behaviors. Was your son behind verbally in the beginning? The thing is my son has always talked alot and well beyond his age in vocabulary. I had him tested by a speech Dr. because it was brought to my attention a hoarse voice can be a delivery problem. However he tested fine and I have always been able to understand him clearly. Plus he gets details to the point it is weird. But I just wish he would get out of this brain fog where he gets caught up in the same ideas and stuck on interests. I am so happy you have been able to help your son so much. How did you ever learn so much? I never had any luck logging into Any's website. Any suggestions on how to get on it?

 

Michele

 

Michele,

 

My son has PANDAS and he is currently being treated by a doctor who mostly treats ASD children. However, she also treats developmental and speech delays, adult mental health issues, food allergy, yeast, heavy metal toxicity and more. She uses diet and supplements according to the Yasko protocol to treat everything.

 

Most likely a number of factors contribute and interact to make a person unwell. The Yasko approach focuses on the methylation cycle which has a relationship with neurotransmitter levels. Problems with one's immune system can lead to problems with the methylation pathway. The methylation pathway helps rid the body of virus, bacteria, toxins etc... All ASD kids tested thus far have mutations in the methylation pathway. My PANDAS son did too, but the bacterial overload caused tics in him. Thus, I guess PANDAS and autisim can share a commonality: the methylation pathway might not be functioning properly. Treatment plans may have overlap.

 

Interestingly enough, we began with the Yasko protocol because of the tics from PANDAS. However, some of the best gains that my son has made have nothing to do with tics. He has better language processing skills and his vocabulary has increased dramatically. As well, he is more aware of details in the world around him. We never set out to 'fix' these things, as he seemed quite typical for a busy little boy. And, his improvements have nothing to do with PANDAS specifically, but they appeared as his methylation pathway was supported.

 

It's all so complex, and there are sooooo many ways to look at things. This is just my two bits based only on my experience with my sweet son.

 

Cheers,

Sunshine