PANDAS study

[kim]

Anyone heard of this?

 

http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlere...i?artid=1853370

 

Identification of Pyruvate Kinase as an Antigen Associated with Tourette Syndrome

 

Immune responses to β-hemolytic streptococcal infections are hypothesized to trigger tic disorders and early-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in some pediatric populations. Here we identify the M1 isoform of the glycolytic enzyme, pyruvate kinase (PK) as an autoimmune target in Tourette syndrome and associated disorders. Antibodies to PK reacted strongly with surface antigens of infectious strains of streptococcus, and antibodies to streptococcal M proteins reacted with PK. Moreover, immunoreactivity to PK in patients with exacerbated symptoms who had recently acquired a streptococcal infection was 7-fold higher compared to patients with exacerbated symptoms and no evidence of a streptococcal infection. These data suggest that PK can function as an autoimmune target and that this immunoreactivity may be associated with Tourette syndrome, OCD, and associated disorders.

 

These are just some excerpts that I copied trying to figure out what role Pyruvate kinase plays. Enzyme involved in glucose and cellular energy is about all I've gotten out of it so far.

 

 

http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/23445.php

 

The key to neuron survival is the amount of the dose: 100 times the normal blood level. Pyruvate usually circulates throughout the brain and body at low concentrations, but ordinarily cannot penetrate the blood-brain barrier. However, "when we increase the levels to 100-fold normal, it gets into the brain well enough to preserve the neurons," says Swanson. The paper concludes that "pyruvate may be an effective intervention for patients with severe hypoglycemia."

 

 

Followup necropsy of brain tissue evaluated four areas of the hippocampus most vulnerable to damage from hypoglycemia: CA1, dentate granule cell, subiculum, and perirhinal cortex. The rats receiving glucose plus pyruvate had 70 to 90 percent less neuronal death than the rats given glucose only, indicating that pyruvate prevented neuronal death.

 

Olanzapine (Zyprexa)

 

http://www.nature.com/npp/journal/v31/n9/full/1301002a.html

 

Olanzapine Effects on Glucose Production

Olanzapine affects glucose production via participation of several gene families involved in various metabolic pathways (Table 2). Olanzapine upregulates pyruvate kinase, an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of pyruvate and ATP from phosphoenolpyruvate and ADP. Pyruvate kinase polymorphisms have been discovered in subjects with schizophrenia (Stone et al, 2004) and Type II diabetes (Wang et al, 2002), and olanzapine increases the risk for diabetes in subjects with schizophrenia (Meyer and Nasrallah, 2003). Olanzapine also upregulates glycogen phosphorylase, a key enzyme in glycogen degradation, leading to removal of a terminal glucose residue from the nonreducing end of a glycogen chain providing more glucose for local brain energy expenditure. Indeed, glycogen phosphorylation is localized primarily to astrocytes in the brain alluding to a direct effect by olanzapine on glial cells (Pfeiffer-Guglielmi et al, 2003). Antipsychotics can affect brain concentrations of glycogen phosphorylases (Ktenas et al, 1978; Iriye and Simmonds, 1971a, 1971b); however, the majority of typical antipsychotics reduce the levels of glycogen phosphorylase while antidepressants and olanzapine increase the activity of this enzyme (Iriye and Simmonds, 1971a). Olanzapine also increases insulin 2 expression, which may be in response to increased glucose production or potentially due to other triggers. By the same token, olanzapine can also reduce the concentration of sucrase-isomaltase to conserve glucose in disaccharide forms.

 

 

 

http://www.revolutionhealth.com/articles/p...iciency/nord465

 

General Discussion

Red cell pyruvate kinase deficiency is a hereditary blood disorder characterized by a deficiency of the enzyme pyruvate kinase. Physical findings associated with the disorder may include reduced levels of oxygen-carrying hemoglobulin in the blood due to premature destruction of red blood cells (hemolytic anemia); abnormally increased levels of bilirubin in the blood

 

I just posted this link on another thread, but it has a big section on pyruvate kinase, so I'm going to include it here too

 

http://overcomingcandida.com/candida_and_autism.htm