Hi Mountain Mom - My daughter has never had positive strep titers or a positive strep culture (though she did have strep when she was much younger before some of her earliest PANS symptoms). With respect to strep antibodies, my daughter was considered a strep non-responder: her body mounted almost no response to strep at all. Evidently, this is typical in about one-third of all PANS patients. The reason why our doctor's advised a tonsillectomy in my daughter's case is because: (1) her blood work consistently showed her body was fighting an infection and there was no obvious source for the infection, (2) she consistently showed improvement with steroids but would relapse with each illness/germ exposure, and (3) she had cryptic and enlarged tonsils, so a tonsillectomy was advisable. As any ENT can tell you, tonsils and adenoids can act as a huge sponge in which bacteria can easily hide. In my daughter's case, the ENT found that her tonsils were oozing and full of pus when he removed them. A biopsy of the tissue showed that she had MRSA (methicillin resistant staph aureas) in her tonsils. Before the tonsillectomy, she had been doing literally 8 hours of OCD routines each day. All but the smallest trace of OCD disappeared almost immediately post-tonsillectomy. Now, her only meaningful residual symptom is emetophobia, which she is working through with a therapist and does not keep her from school, activities or friends. I would urge you to have a consultation with an ENT. It can't hurt to see whether it is advisable in your son's case. At a minimum, removal of tonsils/adenoids should reduce the frequency of illness, and by extension, reduce the frequency of flares. Sending you lots of positive thoughts, WorriedMom